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Strata Gem November 2002
President’s Message
I would like to thank everyone for all the support while I was president. We have a wonderful club & we all know what needs to get done, and what it takes to get it done. I really appreciate all of you for who worked so hard at the show and made it a great success as always.
As everyone knows we had the election at the meeting. I would like to congratulate everyone that is staying in office and all the new officers. Our new president is Ruth Smith, the new show chairperson is Janet Nix. I know we will all support them as we have supported all our officers in the past.
Some of our Snow Birds will be leaving for Arizona soon. Our meetings will be smaller, but we still have a good time.
Remember to do what needs to be done for the good of all and speak the truth, but only of the good in others. Enjoy Life's Journey.
Donna M. Chavez President
Tooele Gem & Mineral Tooele Senior Citizens Center October 8, 2002 7:30 PM.
The meeting was called to order by president Donna Chavez everyone was welcomed. The minutes of the last meeting was read and approved. The treasurer’s report was read and approved. Donna stated we should begin our election for officers and ask for nominations from the floor, Ruth Smith said she would run for president, Dennis Chapman said he would accept the Vice President. Larry Wilson would accept the Secretary position. Larry Higley accepted the Treasurer’s position, there were no opposing candidates so the club voted in all candidates by acclamation.
Appointed club officers were discussed and the following officers were appointed: · Ways & Means: Selma &Heinz Jockisch · Club Property: Henry Chavez · Field Trip Chairman: Byron Scott · Sunshine Chairman: Ruth Smith · Federation Representative: Phil Salm · Librarian: Michelle Wedekind · Directory: Dennis Chapman · Editor: Dennis Chapman · Show Chairman: Janet Nix · Grab Bags: Arnold West · Wheel: Michelle Wedekind · Schools: Jay Woods · Door Prize: David & Pamela Haag · Kitchen: Larry & Ardith Higley, Ruth & Don Smith · Cooks: Don Smith, Bob Titus, Bill Nelson, Phil Salm, Arnold West, and Jay Woods · Publicity: Janet Nix · Electricians: Don Smith, Bill Nelson, and Bob Titus · Popcorn: Eldon Shinkle · Saw Dust Panning: Erla Woods. · Historian and Photographer: Robin Hasting
We discussed getting a TV, and VCR. so we could view videos at our meetings the problem we run into is who will store it and bring it to meetings when we need it, no solution was found. We discussed the signs that we use to advertise our show they are worn out, they are made out of plywood and are heavy, we decided we should check into getting some fabric signs made. The shed we were planning to build for the club rocks was discussed it was decided we should meet at Jay Woods house Saturday at nine to work on it.
We talked about the tickets for our prizes at the show it was decided we should put the drum behind the counter and only those in charge will be allowed to put the tickets in, and draw out the winners. The Christmas party was brought up we need to get it organized, Ardith Higley and Ruth Smith will check and see where and when we can have it and make the arrangements, we will try for Saturday the fourteenth of December. We received a thank you card from Mary Jean Feldmann for the flowers, Ruth reported that Mary Jean is doing well. We lost a long time member, Andrew Lassen passed away. It was reported that Leona Adams sold her home in Quartzsite, due to her health she will not be going down this winter.
Dennis will be working on our club phone books, it takes about two weeks after he gets it ready to have it printed he will need current information so that it will be correct. The door prize was won by Michelle Wedekind. Donna will bring treats for the next meeting.
Minutes submitted by Larry Wilson Secretary
Members News
Welcome New Members:
Proposed Fieldtrips For 2003: · April – Honey Onyx · May – Last Chance Agate · June – Geodes · July or August – Vernon Wonder Stone
Missing Library Books: Well when I turned the library over to Michelle there were 4 books out that I couldn’t account for, but I had 4 books not on my list in the box (go figure). The missing books are books are: · A Gem Cutter’s Hand · How To Make Wire Jewelry · How To Set Gemstones Jewelry · Art Clay Silver If you have these or any other club book you will want to contact Michelle Wedekind in Tooele at (435) 882-5628 so we can straighten things out.
New Library Book: · Utah Atlas & Gazetteer – Good topo map book of Utah. Shows BLM land, School Trust land, Forest land, etc… · Rockhounding Utah – Rockhounding areas in Utah. Published in 1996, some places are played out, but will give you a good starting point.
In Memory Of Andrew E. Lassen
We have lost a dear and memorable friend and member of our club. Andy passed on Oct 3. 2002. He will be missed, but will live on in our hearts.
He was born Sept 22. 1910 in Hobro, Denmark. One of 14 children born to Jacob and Petra Lassen.
He is survived by a daughter. Marjorie (David D.) Young; daughter-in-law, Carol Lassen; four granddaughters; a grandson; 13 great-grandchildren; one great great-grandchild; and brother, Larry Lassen. He was preceded in death by his wife, two sons, 12 brothers and sisters, as well as his parents.
Tooele Gem and Mineral Christmas Party December 14, 2002 THE OQUIRRH MILL 30 Plaza Court Stansbury Park, UT Time 6:00 PM Dinner served at 6:30 PM Sliced Breast of Turkey Dinner or Roast Beef Dinner Beverage and Dessert included Rock Club Members Free Guests $12.00 per person RSVP (required by Dec. 4)
Oddities Of The Mineral Kingdom Itacolumite - The Rock That Bends
It will bend and when turned over will bend in the opposite direction. No known practical use has been found for this bend rock, but it is a source of gold and some diamonds in Brazil and India. It is also found near clay with diamonds in it in these countries.
Itacolumite is a metamorphic rock. The rock is a most extraordinary kind of sandstone and will bend under its own weight and slabs of it will bend even if the slabs are thick.
The rock’s flexibility is caused by symmetrical quartz grains which interlock and, therefore, rotate against each other when it bends. There is also some mica in it that helps as elasticity for the bending. Minerals of chlorite and talc are also found flexible. Itacolumite is porous to some degree from the water running through the veins in the rock.
BENTONITE - THE ROCK THAT SWELLSThis rock, when put in water, will swell, taking up some five times its own weight, and can enlarge to 50 times its own volume.
Bentonite is used by oilmen in filling the pores in rocks in which they are drilling for oil.
Bentonite is a clay mineral, which makes it soft and slippery. The Black Hills region has beds of this mineral and they have a very wrinkled look when viewing them, as there is hardly any vegetation growing on them.
Bentonite is in beds and is mined with mechanical shovels used for industrial purposes. It filters and also purifies some commercial products and holds molding sand together.
It is also used as a paper filler/carrier for use in such things as drugs and in farm ponds to prevent leakage. There are many other uses as well. Utah is one of the sources of bentonite.
MAGNETITEThe mineral magnetite, used in compass needles, has been found in Monarch butterflies. This discovery may help explain the well-known yearly migration of this species from eastern North America to Mexico.
From The Rock Rattler 2/92 via THE AMMONITE 1/02 Via Town Rockhound 2/02
Rock Collector
I think that there shall never be . . . An ignoramus just like me.
Who roams the hills throughout the day. To pick up rocks that do not pay.
For there's one thing I've been told. I take the rocks and leave the gold.
O'er deserts wild or mountains blue. I searched for rocks of varied hue.
A hundred pounds or more I pack. With blistered feet and aching back.
And after this is said and done. I cannot name a single one.
I pick up rocks where e're I go. The reasons I do not know.
For rocks are taken by fools like me. From where God intended them to be.
From The Flint Gemstones, 3/01. Via RockCollector 10/01
Unintended Consequences by Jerry Bowen
I'm always on the lookout for an unusual story from the past. Old-timer miners experienced all kinds of unusual circumstances during their legendary quest for gold. Recently I ran across this one which I think rates very high in the bizarre category.
During the 1850’s and 60’s in the Mother Lode region, murder and assorted mayhem weren't exactly uncommon. Many ended up facing quick justice dangling from the end of a rope without the formality of an assembled court.
Henry Meacham arrived in Nevada City in the early 50’s while it was still possible to pan out a fortune from the tributaries of Deer Creek. He left a wife and young son in New Jersey while he sought his fortune in California.
Henry was a conscientious worker and before long had accumulated enough dust to finance a dig into the side of a hill to reach the rich quartz which had been discovered in the area during the previous year. He even constructed a crude stamp mill to separate the gold from the rock.
From the very first his operations paid off. He located a rich vein which kept him busy hauling the broken rock to the surface and his mill. After a time, he discovered that some unknown person was helping himself to the rich rock at the foot of the shaft while Henry slept after a long hard day of work. It was also about this time that Henry decided to take a portion of his gold back to New Jersey and return with his wife and son. He cashed in his surplus dust at the Wells Fargo office in Nevada City and banked the small fortune against the day when he would return with his family.
Before leaving, Henry made a decision to protect his mine against intruders during his absence. Taking one of his picks he reamed a hold through the handle near the grip end. Running a wire through the hole he looped it to a piece of overhead plank near the face of his workings deep in the mine. When the pick was suspended, the sharp point hung at about the height of a man's head. Then using another loose timber, which would have to be pushed out of the way by anyone attempting to penetrate the shaft, he rigged a trigger.
It was simple and ingenious. If anyone pushed the trigger to one side as they proceeded along the shaft, the pick would swing down and strike him in the head. Henry was not a belligerent or bloodthirsty individual, but extreme measures were necessary in the age when lawlessness was prevalent. Once he had the device rigged to perform its lethal task, he timbered the mouth of the shaft and covered the blocked opening completely with earth and rock.
No one seems to know what happened to Henry after that. He never reached the wells Fargo office with his dust, and his letters to his family ceased to arrive. Probably some nefarious individual, guessing Henry's plan, murdered him before he was able to get into town, stole his gold and his body in some out-of-the-way spot where it was never found.
The entrance to the shaft remained blocked, and brush, and even trees, took root in the earth eventually erasing all traces of the booby-trapped mine.
Henry's wife, a frugal woman, had carefully saved the funds from the gold Henry had sent before he disappeared, using only what they needed for household expenses and his son, Jim, grew to manhood.
As the years went by with no word from Henry, Jim Meacham managed to receive a good schooling and prepare himself for the day when he would support his mother. It was on his 21st birthday, only a week after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in April, 1865, that the widow Meacham showed her son one of the last letters she had received from Henry.
It was almost in the nature of a will. In the missive Henry described his mine; its location with regard to certain landmarks, and the almost limitless treasure of gold laden quartz which was to be theirs for the taking. It was then that the widow told her son of the plans which she'd had for him throughout the long years since the letters had stopped coming.
He was to go to California and attempt to learn, if possible, what had happened to his father and if he was unable to find Henry, to investigate the mine and see if he could work it at a profit since it was the only inheritance left them.
Traveling by train that very summer to the railhead in Wyoming, he joined a wagon party to continue across Utah and Nevada and the Sierras. At Emigrant Gap the wagons swung off on the Bear River trail which led them toward Nevada City and Grass Valley. Jim had little difficulty locating the claim from his father's description. After doing a bit of reconnoitering, and observing the heavy growth of brush which hid the mine opening, he returned to Nevada City for what he would need to penetrate into the shaft. In a few days the last shovel full of earth was removed and the heavy timbers thrown to one side. Ahead stretched the tunnel of his father's bonanza. It is doubtful that young Jim ever knew what struck him or could he possibly had any knowledge of the connection between his fatal injury and the attempt by his father to protect the property. Inquisitive miners in the area had observed Jim excavating the mine entrance. When he failed to reappear after going into the shaft, they lit their oil lamps and crept down into the gloom. They found the young explorer near the mine face, the pick still swinging like a pendulum with its tip smeared with Jim's blood. A stone in the old town graveyard, it’s engraving worn by the elements, marks Jim Meacham's last resting place. Although there was little that would have prevented the men who discovered Jim from appropriating the mine without a thought of what had happened, they retained some of their respective consciences. They communicated with the widow Meacham, withholding the nature of the accident and any possible connection Henry might have had with his son's death. The men also volunteered a deal with the widow by which she received a share of the Murder Mine's earnings throughout the years.
There were many curious and strange happenings in the Gold Rush country, some even more peculiar and improbable than the death of Jim Meacham. It is a sad circumstance that Henry Meacham's plan to discourage unwelcome callers misfired. But, in the final analysis, despite the fact that his own son was his unfortunate victim, he was only doing the thing anyone would have done under the circumstances. Probably today, the bones of Henry and Jim lie buried only a short distance from one another in their respective graves within the gold-rich earth of Nevada Country.
From United Prospectors Inc. Newsletter, 8/99 via The Glacial Drifter, 9/01 via THE RockCollector 11/01
Gem Show Calendar
If you know of any events coming up, PLEASE let me know as soon as possible. If anything is wrong PLEASE let me know as soon as possible.
Nov. 9-10 Lake Havasu Gem and Mineral Society Show, Lake Havasu City Community Center, 100 Park Ave, Lake Havasu City, AZ
Nov. 16 Arizona City Gem & Mineral Society Show, Arizona City Community Center, 13270 S. Sunland Gin Rd, Arizona City, AZ
Nov. 21-23 2nd Annual W.O.W.W. Gem and Art Fair, sponsored by the Wickenburg Gem & Mineral Society, Community Center, 160 N. Valentine Street, Wickenburg, AZ
2003 Feb 22-23 Idaho Gem Club Show, Western Idaho Fairgrounds, Glenwood & State Street, Boise, ID.
Mar 1-2 Owyhee Gem & Mineral Society Show, O'Connor Fieldhouse, 2200 Blaine, Caldwell, ID.
Mar 7-9 Golden Spike Club Show, Union Station, 25th and Wall, Ogden, UT.
May 10-11 Santa Cruz Mineral & Gem Society Show, Corner of Center and Church Streets, Reno, NV.
July 11-13 RMFMS Show and Convention, hosted by the Natrona County Rockhounds Club, Parkway Plaza Hotel and Convention Center, Casper, WY.
Aug 8-10 Annual Contin-tail Rock Swap and Show, Rodeo Grounds, Buena Vista, CO.
Rainbow Hematite
Rainbow hematite is found in an iron mine near the city of Bela Horizonte in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Scientifically it could be described as iridescent specular hematite. Specular simply means mirror-like and describes the sparkle that the mineral gives off as the light reflects from the myriad microscopic crystal faces of the hematite as the specimen is turned in the sun.
The material is completely natural, has not been altered in any way, and is believed to be color stable. It was found in a vertical five-foot wide vein running about thirty feet up a face in the iron mine. The exact cause of the iridescence is not known, but it is known that it is selectively oriented on hematite. Scanning electron microscope photos show that same faces of the microscopic hematite crystals, that comprise the specimens, contain a small but significant concentration of phosphorus and aluminum. Other faces of the hematite crystals are apparently unaltered, still highly reflective but without the rainbow colors. The material also has substantial magnetic components, probably caused by intermixed grains of magnetite. Further studies at the California Institute of Technology may eventually discover the cause of the iridescence.
Cobb-L-Stones 4/95 Via Golden Spike News 3/01 & others
How to UsePolishing PowdersBy Martin Koning, Lapidary Charm
There are many kinds of polishing powders and modifications of them for sale. The latter include bars, sticks, liquids, slurries and other mixtures, often sold under a trade name.
Nearly all polishing powders are mineral oxides, such as rouge (iron oxide), tin oxide, chrome oxide and many others. Occasionally two or more of these are mixed and sold under a trade name. They may be mixed with some cohesive substance and sold as a bar or stick; rouge is a good example. A few have been suspended in an emulsion and sold as slurry.
All forms will work on some stone; however, one can cut down the variety by using one of the following on the right type of lap for a particular stone: cerium oxide, Linde A or B, chrome oxide, powdered red rouge and ZAM in stick form. The above will polish just about all stones that the amateur will encounter except the super hard ones such as corundum, chrysoberyl, cubic zirconium and a few others.
The buffs one uses with these powders can be hickory, hard felt, chrome-tanned leather or muslin. Of course, these powders can be used on many other kinds of buffs, but the above-mentioned ones can be obtained easily. In most cases a buff should be rotated about 400 rpm. A little faster or slower is OK. One exception is ZAM on muslin for turquoise. The buff can run at motor speed (1725 rpm) or faster. Variscite and malachite may also be polished with this method.
When using a powder, wet the buff down with a paintbrush or spray bottle before running the motor. Paint the buff with the powder while still wet and then start the machine. The water will help carry away frictional heat, and the slower wheel will prevent build-up of heat and slow down the slinging off of the powder and water. This system will prevent much loss of opals and other heat-sensitive stones. The slow wheel does not seem to slow the polishing action in most cases. There are exceptions, but there is no need to go into that in a short article.
From Rocky Mountain Federation, in The Rocky Mountain News (RMF Newsletter), via GCL&FS Newsletter 10/00. via The RockCollector January, 2001
Art Of The Flaw from 9/98 Manitoba Gem Club Newsletter
Usually, we do not want our gem pieces to be flawed if we can help it, but sometimes these flaws can make a real statement. In this case, gem carver Kevin Lane Smith has taken a piece of clear quartz with a distinct flaw surrounded by a large area of clear quartz and cut around the flaw.
Next, he has taken a piece of azurite and cut it till it is paper thin, placing it atop the clear quartz. Normally, azurite is a very dark, midnight blue but, when cut thin enough, becomes an electric blue. When placed on top of the clear quartz-framed flaw, the blue coloring is reflected down onto the flaw, making for a very compelling flash of blue imagery floating in the quartz.
The image is an illusion, however; there is nothing really in the quartz, just a reflection. These flawed carvings are not very easily come by. It is quite rare to find a piece of rough quartz clear enough, having the required flaw with enough clean material bordering to produce one of the illusion pieces.
A. G. Editor: "These flawed carvings" implies a solution to the "rarity" of nifty "flaws" bordered by clear material. If memory serves, Kevin Lane Smith is also known to carve an image -in relief, intaglio- into clear quartz crystal bouncing color off it, so a flaw isn't needed if you're an adequate carver.
Via Anglic Gemcutter 11/98
A Plea To John Q Public
I have heard that some of you think we’re crazy to go out in the cold the mud, the heat or the dust to hunt ugly, heavy, dirty rocks--but that’s only what you see on the surface. In the Gem and Mineral CLUBS in this country, there are those who really know their DIAMONDS. We always carry hammers, pry bars and SPADES on our field trips, and down deep in our HEARTS, we are all dedicated rockhounds. Please, therefore, before you make too many disparaging remarks--remember there are some in every club walking around with a FULL DECK
Reprinted from The Geode 2/79 & others Via Hy Grader 2/02
Moon Rock Collecting On Earth
Moon rocks were brought back to earth by astronauts and samples sent to various universities for analysis. A very important university was overlooked. To cover his oversight, the administrator went to a pasture and picked up a rock at random and sent it. Two weeks later he received a thank-you letter with the following note: “After preliminary research, it looks as though the cow really did jump over the moon!”
From The Breccia, 3/2002 via Lithosphere, April 2002 Via Gneiss Times 7/02
Sunstone Of The Vikings?
The mineral Cordierite is thought to be the source of the famous sunstone of the Vikings, who, in the ninth century, were expert navigators. Without benefit of compass, Viking sailors managed to ply their watery routes of conquest and commerce, navigating by the stars at night and the sun during the day. No matter what the weather, according to ancient Scandinavian sagas, the sun could be located with the aid of the magical “Sun Stone.” Summarizing sun stone lore in a recent article in the archaeology magazine “Skalk”, Danish Archaeologist Thorkild Ramskau, lamented that none of the sagas clearly describe the sun stone. “But there seems to be a possibility,” he wrote, “that it was an instrument which, in cloudy weather, would show where the sun was.” Now, with a clue supplied by a young archaeology enthusiast, Ramskau has discovered the secret of the sun seeking stone of the ancients.
To the ten-year-old son of Jorgen Jensen, Chief navigator of the Scandinavian Airline System, the instrument described in “Skalk” sounded like the twilight compass used by his father at higher altitudes, where the magnetic compass is unreliable. The twilight compass is equipped with a Polaroid filter that enables a navigator to locate the sun, even when it is behind the clouds or below the horizon, by the light polarized by the atmosphere. Intrigued by his son’s observation. Jensen passed it on to Ramskau, who immediately recognized its scientific implication. Enlisting the aid of Denmark’s Royal Court Jeweler, the archaeologist collected minerals found in Scandinavia whose molecules are aligned parallel to each other just as the crystals are in a Polaroid filter. Ramskau found one of these minerals, a transparent crystal called cordierite, turned from gray to violet-blue whenever its natural molecular alignment was held at right angles to the plane of polarized light from the sun. Thus, he reasoned, a Viking could have located the sun by rotating a chunk of cordierite until it turned blue.
Putting cordierite to the test, Ramskau accompanied navigator Jensen on a S.A.S. flight to Greenland, keeping track of the sun with his stone while Jensen used the twilight compass. His observations were accurate within 2 1/2 degrees of the sun’s true position, and he was able to track the sun until it dipped 7 degrees below the horizon.
“I now feel convinced,” Ramskau concludes, “that the old Vikings, with the aid of their sun stones, could navigate with enormous accuracy.”
Ed. Note: Cordierite is known in the gem trade as Iolite. From Stone Age News. Nov., 1993, via Northwest Newsletter. Jan 1994 Via Gneiss Times 4/02
Are You Sure It’s Jade?
1. If a chip is knocked off the freshly broken surface should not sparkle in the sun. If it does, it’s not jade. 2. If you can scratch it with a knife-point, it isn’t jade. 3. It will be much heavier than a common rock of similar size. 4. Tap the specimen with a hammer. If a moon shaped fracture appears, it is agate or jasper, but not jade. 5. If it is jade, it will have a smooth, waxy, almost greasy look. 6. The only positive test for jade is x-ray analysis and specific gravity tests. From Rockhound Rumblings 11/00 ------------------------------------------ Another One on Jade
The more milky the water is when cuffing jade, the better the grade of jade. If the water isn’t milky, then you don’t have true jade. You have something else. Chips ‘n Splinters 12/00 via Emerald Gems 2/01 from Golden Spike News 3/01 ------------------------------------------- Lapidaries and jewelers should constantly attempt to call gemstones and rough materials by their correct names. The term jade is applied to many non-jade stones, such as: Korean jade is bowenite, a hard variety of serpentine; Transvaal jade is a massive variety of green, grossular garnet; Amazon jade is aventurine; American jade is a rock - a mixture of idocrase and grossular; Australian jade is chrysoprase; Colorado jade is green microcline; Jasper jade is green jasper; Flukien, Manchurian and Honan jades are all soapstone; Mexican jade is green-dyed marble or calcite; Oregon jade is dark green jasper; Silver peak jade is malachite.
It would be clearer to beginners if jade were called jade, malachite called malachite, aventurine called aventurine.
From Carmel Valley Prospector via Breccia 5/98 From Golden Spike News 3/01 Via Gravel Gazette 10/01
Gaps In Mammoth DNA Make Cloning Impossible by Brian Rodgers, EIGGS
Fragments of DNA from mammoths have been recovered and sequences, but are too damaged to make cloning the long-extinct creature possible, an international team has re-ported. Unlike earlier research, the DNA this time comes from the nucleus of mammoth cells, not from the energy-producing mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is more plentiful and easier to detect in ancient samples, but nuclear DNA is more revealing and is the type needed for cloning.
Scientists recovered and sequenced nuclear DNA from several Siberian and Alaskan mammoths, as well as from extinct ground sloths from Chile and cave bears from Croatia. The animals had all been preserved after death in permafrost or in very cold conditions, aiding survival of the tissue, but the longest sequence that it has been possible to recover is about 100 base pairs long — each base pair representing a letter of the genetic alphabet.
In modern DNA from living species, you can recover sequences hundreds or thousands of time longer, this shows that the DNA is very fragmented and there is no way to use it to clone a mammoth. The results do allow mammoths to be compared to elephants. As expected, there are many parallels, with Asian elephants apparently being more closely related to the mammoth than the African variety. The next closest relation is the manatee, and the rest are a long way away. The mammoth sequenced all come from museum collections, but scientists are now working on a mammoth collected on Wrangel Island in Siberia on an expedition two years ago. It is the hope to be able to find fragments of viruses or pathogens among the DNA , in support of a hypothesis that it was disease that killed off the mammoths.
...in Rock Pickings (EIGGS Eastern Indiana Gem & Geological Society), via THE GEMROCK 3/2000 via The Glacial Drifter 11/01
Largest Diamond Saw?...
What may be the world’s largest diamond saw is a circular saw used in the granite quarries of Scotland. The saw is about 11.5 feet in diameter and 1 inch thick. The diamond charge costs thousands of dollars. The diamonds are set in 300 rectangular pockets on the circumference of the saw. Many of the diamonds average about one carat each. The saw is operated at 10,000 feet per minute around the periphery. The diamond saw leaves a smoother surface than the old wire rope and abrasive method
From the Petrified Digest 9/00 via Rock Rollers and swiped from Ore-Bits 1/02 Via Hy Grader 2/02
Children: You spend the first 2 years of their life teaching them to walk & talk. Then you spend the next 16 telling them to sit down & shut-up.
From Golden Spike News 12/01
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