Strata Gem

June 2005

 

President’s Message

 

We had a good turnout for our meeting in May.  Our field trip for the zebra rock at the Rock Shop in Nephi was a success. We had a chance to try out the bag holders that Tony Roberts made. Thanks Tony! They make it easier to dump out buckets we collect in. I also want to thank the Nephi Rock Shop for letting our club come in to collect the zebra rock.

Don't forget our grab bag fill on Saturday, June 4th. This will be at Jay and Erla's at 9:00 a.m. This will also be our June meeting. Bring your own chairs and eating utensils. The club furnishes sloppy joes. Members can bring salads or desserts to go will this. See you there!

 

Bob Titus

President

 

Tooele Gem & Mineral

Tooele Senior Citizen Center

May 10, 2005

 

The meeting was called to order by president Bob Titus every one was welcomed the minutes of the last meeting was read and approved the treasurers report was not available, she has not received the statement from the bank.

Vicki reported on our field trip for Honey Onyx her boys had a blast and can’t wait to go out again, there was about seventeen people there, they collected a lot of Honey Onyx and had a good time. Byron Scott said he has got permission for us to go and collect zebra rock their in Nephi, we discussed having this be our next field trip it was decided to go their, we will meet at the Rock Shop in Nephi at ten AM on the twenty first of May, bring your lunch, chairs, hammers to break rock, containers for rock, and all the usual field trip items. Byron also reported that his wife has finally completed the thousand bags that was promised.  

It was decided that since we don’t have time to advertise this trip Dennis will mail out notices on this field trip to people not in attendance at this meeting. Arnold West’s son Mike was introduced to the club. Vicki brought some home made stands to hold rock gathering bags, she donated them to the club, they will make it easier to fill the bags they are ingenious and well made they will help a lot. Mickey Miller delivered the polished stones he has made they were beautifully done, and there is about a hundred pounds of them. Larry Higley reported that the person that was making the club badges won’t be making them any more, and we need to find a new source for our badges, we will shop around for a new supplier.

We discussed the field trip for June and decided to go to Eureka; we will meet at the High School at 10 AM. On the 18^th, we will be looking for Iron Pyrite, Copper Ore and anything else we find interesting.

We will have our rock bag fill and June meeting at Jay Woods home on June 4^th  we will have a pot luck dinner the club will furnish the sloppy Joes and drinks bring your chairs eating utensils sun bonnets and a pot luck dish, it should start around 10 AM. come early and help set up. A letter from the Eastern Great Basin Committee was read it thanked us for our sponsor ship in the past and asked if we could help out again this year, the club discussed this and a motion to donate five hundred dollars to them was made and seconded, it was approved. We discussed having the Sheriff Search and Rescue come and help provide security for the show, in the past they were their at night, but not in the day time, Larry Higley will talk to them about this, and report back to us. We talked about having a registration book at the show so people can enter their name and where they are from, we could then show that we are bring people from outside the Tooele area in for our show this could help get the County to support the Festival of the Old West.

The door prize was won by Melva Scott and the meeting was adjourned.

   

Minutes submitted by

Larry Wilson, Secretary. 

  

Grab Bag Fill

 

Our June meeting will be held in conjunction with our Grab Bag Fill at Jay Woods home on June 4^th, , at 9 AM. Come early and help set up. We will have a potluck dinner the club will furnish the Sloppy Joes and Drinks bring your Chairs, Eating Utensils, Sun Bonnets and a Pot Luck Dish.

 

June Fieldtrip

 

June 18^th 10 AM., meet at the Eureka High School, 525 E Main St, Eureka, UT. (east side of town). We will be collecting Iron Pyrite, Copper Ore and anything else we find interesting. Bring the usual fieldtrip supplies, WATER, lunch & chairs. We will just be digging in the tailings, you will probably just need something to move a little dirt.

 

Rockhound Scramble

 

The following words are scrambled and are "Rockhound Related". Each word is either a form of rock, fossil or gemstone! HAVE FUN!

 

1.      GAWYDU ODGEE_

2.      ULEB NELOHCDYAC__

3.      NBFURAIR TAGEA

4.      ZLBIAINRA GTAEA

5.      DAREMLE_______

6.      DFIPERITE ODOW

7.      QSUEIOTRU_____

8.      NATSEPRIA______

9.      POAL___

10.  TMONANA GATEA

11.  HSMYATET_____

12.  IRPIAER EATAG_

13.  TIPODER

14.  BYRU___

15.  TELOBIRIT_______

16.  NAGRET_

17.  NAMDOID______

18.  SNETOLDGO_____

19.  CRINITE_

20.  SILSFOS_

21.  HIPSAPER______

22.  PAZTO__

23.  PIALS ALIZUL_

24.  HOMATMM OHTOT________

25.  MAQRAUAIEN___

26.  AEEHIMTT_______

27.  REOPPC_

28.  LODG___

29.  MTINUPLA______

30.  CINZ____

31.  NEAITRG

32.  ZUQRAT_

33.  UXBATEI

34.  ALESH__

35.  EYPRTI__

 

Reprinted From "SO YOU THINK YOU KNOW ALL THE ANSWERS...! by Kitty Starbuck of the Kalamazoo Geology & Mineral Society. September 2002.

 

1.      DUGWAY GEODE

2.      BLUE CHALCEDONY

3.      FAIRBURN AGATE

4.      BRAZILIAN AGATE

5.      EMERALD

6.      PETRIFIED WOOD

7.      TURQUOISE

8.      SEPTARIAN

9.      OPAL

10.  MONTANA AGATE

11.  AMETHYST

12.  PRAIRIE AGATE

13.  PERIDOT

14.  RUBY

15.  TRILOBITE

16.  GARNET

17.  DIAMOND

18.  GOLDSTONE

19.  CITRINE

20.  FOSSILS

21.  SAPPHIRE

22.  TOPAZ

23.  LAPIS LAZULI

24.  MAMMOTH TOOTH

25.  AQUAMARINE

26.  HEMATITE

27.  COPPER

28.  GOLD

29.  PLATINUM

30.  ZINC

31.  GRANITE

32.  QUARTZ

33.  BAUXITE

34.  SHALE

35.  PYRITE

 

Via The Rock Rustler’s News 1/05

 

The Origin of Color In Gemstones

by Jack Rowland

 

I always wondered what made gemstones the color that they were. I thought perhaps the color came from something simple, like a dye. People had told me that most color was due to slight amounts of contami­nants such as iron or chromium. It seemed that all I had to do was to look up the elements that give a certain color and I could know what caused the color. I had some evidence that I might be on the right track. I found hat citrine (yellow quartz), Heliodor (yellow beryl), and yellow sapphire are all caused by iron. I also found that emerald and chrome tremolite and several other green minerals are made green by chromium. Then I discovered that ruby is red due to chromium and amethyst's beautiful purple is due to iron. I also found that both blue and green aquamarine as well is yellow Heliodor (all beryls) were all caused by iron. How could this be? As it turns out, the color a gemstone is has very little to do with the contaminant. While it is true that for most gem material a certain contaminant must be present to give it a certain color, it is the unpaired electrons, not the contaminant that provides the color. The contaminant simply allows for these unpaired electrons to exist.

Quartz was the first place this point was driven home to me. Citrine's beautiful yellow color and amethyst's sultry purple-red are both attributed to iron. I also found out that most deep colored citrine is converted from amethyst by heat treating. Further, I read that some amethyst was made from citrine by irradiating it. A similar case occurs with smoky quartz. Heating it can convert it to clear quartz and irradiation can convert some clear quartz to smoky quartz. In this case I read aluminum is responsible. I decided to try an experiment. I had a nice piece of rose quartz. I heated it to 1800 degrees in a kiln and was left with milky quartz. The pink was completely gone! Clearly something besides a simple dye is involved here.

Inside each atom or molecule are electrons. Electrons live by very rigid rules and park themselves in particular orbits, or energy levels. Most of the electrons are either too tightly bonded to the atom or the mol­ecule to move and so these electrons do not contribute to color. Some electrons far away from the nucleus are not tightly bound and can be moved when lit by visible or ultra-violet light. If the light is of just the right fre­quency it can strike a loosely bound electron and move it to a higher orbit. The ray of light is absorbed and is lost to the viewer. Light not absorbed in this way is what we end up seeing coming out of a gemstone and so we say a stone is red if it absorbs all but red light or green if it absorbs all but green light.

What happens to these electrons? Do they just stay there? The answer is no, not forever. If they did the material would become saturated and be incapable of absorbing any more light. Most electrons drop back down in small steps of energy almost immediately. With each step they drop they give off energy. Most of this is given off outside the visible spectrum in the form of infra-red light and can't be seen. In some cases the light given off is in the visible spectrum and the mate­rial is said to fluoresce. The term comes from the mineral fluorite where the phenomena was first seen and was induced by the ultra-violet content of sunlight. In some even more rare cases this new visible light is delayed and will continue to come out after the light is removed. This is called phosphorescence. The mineral Willamette can phosphoresce for several minutes after being exposed to ultra-violet rays for a short time. In all cases the color the mineral fluoresces is of a lower energy than the light; originally absorbed. Blue light absorbed can give red or green, but red light can not result in blue or yellow. Emeralds and ruby fluoresce when exposed to blue light in their respective colors. This is why these particular gems appear to "glow with a light of their own." Not only do they: not absorb ruby-red or emerald green, they actually convert other more energetic light to those colors.

Electrons don't have to be directly associated with atoms or molecules to cause color. Many crystals have defects caused by places where atoms or electrons once were. If an electron; gets trapped by one of these defects and can't get out or gets knocked out and can't get back in it will result in color. Even unbound like this the electrons or their "holes" or "color centers" as they are called still have energy states and jump up to higher energy to absorb light and drop to lower energy to give it off.

Now with a little theory, let's see if some of the mystery of color can be explained. Let us take iron for example. When iron contaminates a crystal it takes a place within the molecules of some of the crystal. Chemicals being what they are, the fit is not perfect and the result is that the iron in the crystal may have one or more electrons missing giving it a charge of either +2 or +3. These electrons that are "freed" can now effect the color of the material. If all the iron is of +2 no color results, if it is of +3 a color is produced. Depending on the actual site the iron is found in the crystal, molecules the color can be blue or yellow. As an example, the yellow color of Heliodor (yellow beryl) is caused by Fe+3. Due to the site of this iron in the crystal heating of Heliodor usually results in colorless beryl. The heat converts the Fe+3 to Fe+2. The color can be restored by Irradiating the crystal to convert the Fe+2 back to Fe+3. If the iron occurs at a different site in the crystal molecule blue aquamarine is the result. For some reason heating does not effect the blue color as it does in the yellow. If both sites are occupied the more common blue-green is caused by the presence of both the yellow and blue in combination. Heating will convert the yellow to colorless turning the crystal to blue. Irradiation will restore the blue-green color by restoring the yellow lost by the heat treatment.

Amethyst and citrine have a similar situation, but with a slightly different cause. The yellow of citrine is again caused by Fe+3. If the iron is in the proper location of the crystal and is irradiated electrons can be knocked out to create "color centers." The presence of the iron blocks their return to the hole thus created. These "color centers" behave much like the electrons with their own energy levels absorbing light. The purple produced overwhelms the yellow. Heating will allow the electrons to migrate back and destroy the "color center° and so nearly colorless quartz with the iron in the proper location will result in fine colored amethyst if irradiated. Theory for the formation of amethyst says that natural radioactivity caused the irradiation of natural amethyst. This causes me to wonder about the formation of natural ametrine where both citrine and amethyst occur in the same crystal with sharp color contrast.

In some cases these "color centers" are not well protected and will be destroyed by light or very little heating giving the electrons the energy needed to re-occupy the "color center." Irradiated yellow-orange topaz and the deep blue "Maxixe-type" beryl are examples that fade in sunlight in a few days or weeks. to colorless.

One side effect of all this is what is referred to as pleochroism. This means that the crystal may have more than one color or depth of color depending on the orientation of the crystal. Because the electrons involved in producing color have distinct orientation within the crystal structure the ability of the light to interact with the color producing electrons may not be symmetrical. Light traveling in different directions may interact with different sites and produce different colors. Tourmalines are often much darker along the long crystal axis of "c" axis. Many are bright across the crystal and nearly black along the "c" axis. Alexandrite, a variety of chrysoberyl containing chromium, has three distinct colors, purple-red, blue-green, and yellow. Turning one of these crystals in the light is nothing short of magic as you watch the color change. Each of the three crystal axes has it's own color.

The "alexandrite effect" oddly enough is not associ­ated with this sort of pleochroism. Some stones appear to change in color depending on the light they are viewed in. When properly oriented alexandrite changes from green to red as it does from natural (or fluorescent) light to incandescent light. This "color change" effect is caused by the combination of the colors produced by the light source and passed by the stone. What we think of as white light is a combination of many colors. Sunlight, incandescent, and fluorescent light all have their own mix of colors to produce their own brand of white. Let's say a gem material passes blue-green, and red light and absorbs all other light. If the "white" light used to view the stone is weak in blue-green and strong in red (as in incandescent light) the stone will appear to be pink to purple or even red. If the light is strong in blue-green and weak in red (as in sunlight or fluorescent light) the result is a blue-green.

There are many other reasons why other materials have the color that they do such as opal and diamond, but that will have to wait for a future article. I hope I've explained this in as down to earth a way as possible without distorting the truth too much. I'm sure some scientist will read this article some day and cringe, but I did the best I could.

 

Information for this article was obtained from Gems Made by Man, by Kurt Nassau.

From The Vug Examiner, 9/94 via Garnet Gazette 6/94

via TGMS Rock Talk, 10/94

Via The Glacial Drifter4/05

 

^'Editor^'s Note: This is the month we officially pay tribute to those men to whom we owe our freedom. I thought the following informa­tion would be of interest to all, as I am sure many of you do not know the full story of the

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

 

Interesting facts about the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the Sentinels of the Third United States Infantry Regi­ment "Old Guard"

1.How many steps does the guard take during his walk across the tomb of the unknowns and why? 21 steps. It alludes to the twenty-one gun salute, which is the highest honor given any military or foreign dignitary.

2.How long does he hesitate after his about face to begin his return walk and why? 21 seconds for the same reason as answer number 1.

3.Why are his gloves wet? His gloves are moistened to prevent his losing his grip on the rifle.

4.Does he carry his rifle on the same shoulder all the time, and if not, why not? No, he carries the rifle on the shoulder away from the tomb. After his march across the path, he executes an about face, and moves the rifle to the outside shoulder.

5.How often are the guards changed? Guards are changed every thirty minutes, twenty-four hours a day, 365 days a year.

6.What are the physical traits of the guard limited to? For a person to apply for guard duty at the tomb, he must be between 5' 10" and 6' 2" tall and his waist size cannot ex­ceed 30".

 

Other requirements of the Guard:

They must commit 2 years of life to guard the tomb, live in a barracks under the tomb, and cannot drink any alcohol on or off duty FOR THE REST OF THEIR LIVES. They cannot swear in public FOR THE REST OF THEIR LIVES and cannot disgrace the uniform {fighting} or the tomb in any way.

After TWO YEARS, the guard is given a wreath pin that is worn on their lapel signifying they served as guard of the tomb. There are only 400 presently worn. The guard must obey these rules for the rest of their lives or give up the wreath pin.

The shoes are specially made with very thick soles to keep the heat and cold from their feet. There are metal heel plates that extend to the top of the shoe in order to make the loud click as they come to a halt. There are no wrinkles, folds or lint on the uniform. Guards dress for duty in front of a full-length mirror.

The first SIX MONTHS of duty a guard cannot talk to anyone, nor watch TV. All off duty time is spent studying the 175 notable people laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery. A guard must memorize who they are and where they are interred. Among the notables are: Presi­dent Taft, Joe E. Lewis {the boxer} and Medal of Honor winner Audie Murphy, {the most decorated soldier of WWII} of Hollywood fame. Every guard spends FIVE HOURS A DAY getting his uniforms ready for guard duty.

The Sentinels Creed My dedication to this sacred duty is total and wholehearted. In the responsibility bestowed on me never will I falter. And with dignity and persever­ance my standard will remain perfection. Through the years of diligence and praise and the discomfort of the elements, I will walk my tour in humble reverence to the best of my ability. It is he who commands the respect I protect. His bravery that made us so proud. Surrounded by well meaning crowds by day alone in the thoughtful peace of night, this soldier will in honored glory rest un­der my eternal vigilance.

More Interesting facts about the Tomb of the Un­knowns itself. The marble for the Tomb of the Unknowns was furnished by the Vermont Marble Company of Danby, Vt. The marble is the finest and whitest of Ameri­can marble, quarried from the Yule Marble Quarry lo­cated near Marble, Colorado and is called Yule Marble. The Marble for the Lincoln memorial and other famous buildings was also quarried there.

The Tomb consists of seven pieces of rectangular mar­ble: Four pieces in sub base; weight - 15 tons One piece in base or plinth; weight - 16 tons. One piece in die; weight - 36 tons. One piece in cap; weight - 12 tons Carved on the East side (the front of the Tomb, which faces Washington, D.C.) is a composite of three figures, commemorative of the spirit of the Allies of World War I. In the center of the panel stands Victory (female). On the right side, a male figure symbolizes Valor. On the left side stands Peace, with her palm branch to reward the de­votion and sacrifice that went with courage to make the cause of righteousness triumphant. The north and south sides are divided into three panels by Doric pilasters. In each panel is an inverted wreath. On the west, or rear, panel (facing the Amphitheater) is inscribed:

 

HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO GOD

The first Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was a sub base and a base or plinth. It was slightly smaller than the pres­ent base. This was torn away when the present Tomb was started Aug. 27, 1931.

The Tomb was completed and the area opened to the public 9:15 a.m. April 9, 1932, without any ceremony. Cost of the Tomb - $48,000 Sculptor - Thomas Hud­son Jones Architect - Lorimer Rich Contractors - Hagerman & Harris, New York City Inscription - Author Unknown

 

Interesting Commentary

The Third Infantry Regiment at Fort Myer has the responsibility for providing ceremonial units and honor guards for state occasions, White House social func­tions, public celebrations and interments at Arlington National Cemetery and standing a very formal sentry watch at the Tomb of the Unknowns.

The public is familiar with the precision of what is called "walking post" at the Tombs. There are roped off galleries where visitors can form to observe the troopers and their measured step and almost mechani­cally silent rifle shoulder changes. They are relieved every hour in a very formal drill that has to be seen to be believed.

Some people think that when the Cemetery is closed to the public in the evening that this show stops. First, to the men who are dedicated to this work, it is no show. It is a "charge of honor.^" The formality and pre­cision continues uninterrupted all night. During the nighttime, the drill of relief and the measured step of the on duty sentry remain unchanged from the daylight hours. To these men, these special men, the continuity of this post is the key to the honor and respect shown to these honored dead, symbolic of all American unac­counted for American combat dead. The steady rhyth­mic step in rain, sleet, snow, hail, heat, cold, must be uninterrupted. Uninterrupted is the important part of the honor shown.

Recently, while you were sleeping, the teeth of hur­ricane Isabel came through this area and tore hell out of everything. We had thousands of trees down, power outages, traffic signals out, roads filled with downed limbs and "gear adrift" debris. We had flood­ing and the place looked like it had been the impact area of an off shore bombardment.

The Regimental Commander of the U.S. Third In­fantry sent word to the ni^ghttime Sentry Detail to se-cure the post and seek shelter from the high winds, to ensure their personal safety.

 

THEY DISOBEYED THE ORDER!

During winds that turned over vehicles and turned debris into projectiles, the measured step continued. One fellow said "I've got buddies getting shot at in Iraq who would kick my butt if word got to them that we let them down. I sure as hell have no intention of spending my Army career being known as the damned idiot who couldn't stand a little light breeze and shirked his duty." Then he said something in response to a female reporters question regarding silly purpose-less personal risk.... "I wouldn't expect you to under-stand. It's an enlisted man's thing." God bless the ras­cal... In a time in our nation's history when spin and total b. s. seem to have become the accepted coin-of-the-realm, there beat hearts - the enlisted hearts we all knew and were so damn proud to be a part of - that fully understand that devotion to duty is not a part time occupation. While we slept, we were represented by some damn fine men who fully understood their post orders and proudly went about their assigned re­sponsibilities unseen, unrecognized and in the finest tradition of the American Enlisted Man. Folks, there's hope. The spirit that George S. Patton, Arliegh Burke and Jimmy Doolittle left us... survives.

On the ABC evening news, it was reported recently that, because of the dangers from Hurricane Isabel ap­proaching Washington DC, the military members as-signed the duty of guarding the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier were given permission to suspend the assign­ment. They refused. "No way, Sir!" Soaked to the skin, marching in the pelting rain of a tropical storm, they said that guarding the Tomb was not just an as­signment; it was the highest honor that can be af­forded to a service person. The tomb has been pa-trolled continuously, 24/7, since 1930. Very, very proud of our soldiers in uniform!

 

Via Rock Chips May 2005

 

How To Tell The Sex of a Fly

 

A woman walked into the kitchen to find her husband stalking around with a fly swatter.

"What are you doing?" she asked. "Hunting flies," he responded.

"Oh... Kill any?" "Yep. 3 males, 2 females," he replied Intrigued, she asked, "How can you tell them apart?" He responded, "3 were on a beer can and 2 were on the phone."

Source : Agate Explorer - 2005

 

Old News Is Still Good News

 

I hope the club is getting some good out of these old Utah Newspaper articles. This month’s article is just for fun.

 

Chicken Gold Mine

 

Mrs Spencer Morris of Atlantic Highland N. J. was dressing a chicken one day last week when she discovered that it had been of a miserly disposition and had been hoarding up gold in its crop. There were three small pieces of gold there the largest resembling a tooth. Mrs Morris in buying the chicken did not pay for it by troy weight.

 

Emery County Progress, 1906-09-29

via Utah Digital Newspapers

 

Tips

 

·  Cover your material with plastic wrap to avoid finger prints when gluing the plexi-glass stand onto the back of your clock.

·  Clean slabs by washing in detergent. Leave in kitty litter overnight to absorb the oil. Wash again and let dry thoroughly.

·  After the resin has been applied to the clock, using a propane torch, move the flame slowly above the resin on the clock face, but not touching. You will see air bubbles from inside the resin popping on the surface. Stop using the flame when the bubbles stop appearing. [How to Make a Clock] via Norma Sault.

·  A regular drill bit can be used to drill plexi-glass by grinding the shoulder on the tip of the bit to remove the sharp angle. This prevents the chipping that would normally occur from a regular drill bit.

·  Send plenty of articles to your newsletter editors so that they don't have to nag you at the monthly meetings. We are sure there are plenty of old machines that can be advertised for sale or for refurbishment. Remember editors need articles to fulfill their lives, so send as many as you can.

 

Rondeau's Gems 3/05 Via The Rock Vein 3/05.

Via The Rockcollector 4/05

 

Notes From Homer More Interesting Information

 

Did you know that gold comes with different amounts of gold in it? Pure gold is called 24 Karat but is too soft to wear as jewelry. Gold needs to be alloyed with some other metal so that it will not wear out too soon (except when it is used in electrical connection).

These are the different types of gold 1 – 24 Karat, that has a specific gravity of 19.32, 2 – 18 Karat gravity is 15.58, 3 – 14 Karat, is – 13.07, and 4 – 10 Karat is 11.57. These would all be the same color, which would probably be yellow to a light orange.

To change the color of your gold ring or whatever you were making you would add copper to make it a darker red the more copper you add the redder it gets and the harder so that it would wear longer. You can also add zinc or silicon as they improve fluidity for better reproduction.

The additives will make your material softer and will not take as good a polish, some additives will make it stronger. The lighter your ring or material will be. If you want a whiter ring or whiter gold you would add a material like nickel or palladium to the gold in the amount that makes it come out like you wanted.

When you add silver to gold it will give it a green tint. You have heard people say they could not wear gold as it makes their finger turn green this is because of the additives that are in the gold and if they would change the gold to a different kind they could wear a gold ring. This is some of the names that the alloys have; No 1-Pale Yellow, No 2-Medium Yellow, No 3-Rich Yellow, No 4-Nickel Based White, No 5-Palladium White, No 6-Red, No 7-Green.

Copper or nickel will make your finger turn green, it may react according to your body. This is how the different kinds of material are made for your rings etc. They are mixed at the smelter and rolled into the different shape castings for you to buy. Find the right kind of material you want to make your jewelry out of is sometimes hard to do. The more gold the less chance of it not causing your finger to go green. Remember do not try doing this unless you have someone help you that knows what they are doing. This is for information only.

 

Submitted by Homer Whitlock

 

Via News & Views 5/05

 

Parent's Lament: It's hard to say which is worse - a child who doesn't practice his music lessons, or one who does!

 

Via Golden Spike News 5/03